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“National Benevolence”: Confucianism in Liang Shuming’s history and the process of world history
Author: Chen Yun
Source: “Chinese Civilization” Spring 2021, No. 53
Abstract: Written by Liang Shuming’s “What’s the World” In 1920 of Ming and His Philosophy, the Eastern World History and Philosophy represented by Hegel had already been passed on to China in a different way. China is regarded as the starting point of world history but is deprived of world history. This unconscious understanding is revealed in the fact that Chinese civilization is a static and rigid civilization. Liang Shuming “transformed” the world history in the East from the perspective of Confucianism, and gave the purpose of world history to develop from the East to China, in order to give the world historical meaning of Chinese civilization. He did not develop from the Hegelian concept of unrestrainedness, but instead regarded world history as the reality of “national philanthropy”. This set of world historical events is based on the basis of the three different life attitudes of China, Western and Indian, the three basic problems and the three types of civilizations. Although Indian civilization is placed behind Chinese civilization in Liang Shuming’s world history, it itself is not an independent stage in world history, because civilizations built by countries and civilizations have been self-dissolved. After Liang Shuming, Tang Junyi and Mou Zongsan and others denied the end of history embedded in Liang Shuming’s historical philosophy, and faced the development of directional civilization and the symbiosis of directional civilization with the whole country’s benevolent Taihe world.
Keywords: National benevolence; world history; Liang Shuming; civilization type
Liang Shuming established a connection between three civilization systems (forward, backward, and middle) and the three civilization systems of China (forward) and West (forward) and the seal (forward). Each civilization type is based on a model life attitude, and each life attitude is triggered by corresponding problems. Therefore, the three basic problems of the three civilizations are respectively established in the relationship between people and things (corresponding to the forward life attitude), the relationship between people and people (corresponding to the persistence life attitude), and the relationship between people and themselves (corresponding to the backward life attitude). This is a direct treatment of the diversity of human civilization. However, if the theory of civilization type only stays in the erectile plural form, it will not be able to face the reality of the multicultural civilizations in the fusion and competition of each other, and to deal with the divergent status and influence problems in the evolution of the historical evolution of different civilizations in the living world. To put it more deeply, there is no deep-level structure that interacts with the inherent principles of the evolution of world history. Liang Shuming developed from the understanding of humanity and focused on the emergence of three major problems and three qualities in human history to remind the basic thread of the evolution of world history. The basic problem with humans is the relationship between people and things, followed by people and finally the relationship between people and themselves. Although the three civilizations of China, West and India have different aspects in their historical structure based on their own special situations, these three problems are the basic problems that lead to other problems.The order of the time shows oneself, and it forms a process of uncontradictory world history. Due to the connection between the three civilizations and the three problems in the historical process, world history has become the process of the replacement of the three civilizations to guide the world history. In other words, from the separate development of various civilizations to the beginning of world history, from the orientalization of world history, to the Chineseization, and then to Indianization, it has formed the development of the third phase of world history, and the three civilizations have lived in the world historical era, respectively, and the three major civilizations have formed the three Yuans of world history.
1. The “first problem” in the historical process of Eastern civilization and the world
From the “Interesting Civilization and Philosophy” in 1921 to the “The Last Enlightenment of the Self-Rescue Sports of the Chinese People” in 1931 to the “Essentials of Chinese Civilization” in 1949, Liang Shuming finally adhered to the axial meaning of the three major problems in life (the problem of people to things, the problem of people to people, and the problem of people to themselves). The first problem of people’s problems with things is that at this time the “nature in front of us” that constitutes an obstacle to preservation intention, which “is what I can satisfy” [1]. As a member of the creature, people always fight for preservation to the outside world (nature). But as a creature, I look outward, all non-things are also regarded as objects – not only natural objects, but people, especially outsiders, are treated with things, let alone enemies. When the body becomes the coordinates of others, all we can see is objects, and life itself is also objectsized by the body. “The problem of preservation occurs between the body and external objects. The body is a tool for preservation, and at the same time it is important to fight for the preservation of the body. The first problem is called the problem of the body. This problem is not overestimated. This problem is the first priority. The person’s mind is to use it for it. Look out of the eyes, ears, and hands Take outward, think outward… These are also the directions that generate the body. “[2] The problem in human life begins with the problem of preservation, that is, how to preserve it in a natural environment and how to deal with the body’s preservation needs; preservation problems are embedded in the natural surface of the organism, and will naturally occur. Since preservation is the preservation of the body, the first issue era can also be called the “body era”: “The first issue in life comes from the human body.” [3] The first issue corresponds to the first attitude of advancing outward. Here, the self-definition characteristic of a person is the body, but when the body becomes the characteristic of a person’s self-definition, the person itself is actually treated in the way of treating things.
When body logic is expanded to society, it forms a mechanized understanding of political society. Preservation “inclusive of individual survival and the generation of races” refers to “the extension of the history of the new social member Chen Daixiu” and “development”. The various parts of the body themselves, such as “five and four limbs”, become instruments for “preserving and fighting”. “The generation is external, forward, eyes look forward, feet walk forward, ears hear outside, hands take outside, etc. The head and brain use it according to what the various officials receive.His thoughts were also dealt with. ”[4] Body and mind are actually one in their original meaning but not in their own way, but the use of mind is important to contact the senses. This means that in the “body era”, “the self-developed social development develops itself in the body and the mind is used by the body”[5]. The mind is also the effect of the head, “the top of the body’s influence, and the blade of the sword and the axe. Its manifestation is the cleverness, precision, and progress of thinking”[6], which is just too lateInsure The place where the life attitude of the world and Western people is superior, it provides the subjective conditions for the structure of science. In fact, “the first problem – the problem of human things is clearly the origin of the natural science structure.” Human science first is science that meets the first problem. It uses the ability to construct useful knowledge for things to control external things, so natural science usually must precede the society. Science. Liang Shuming believed that natural science is the method of solving the first problem with the first degree, so it always “starts from the other party behind, changes the internal conditions, and reforms the object environment as the solution to the problem”. Its “methods and methods of solving the problem” formally reflects the “person-to-object attitude”, so “natural science is achieved” “is the first problem and especially the first degree.” [7] Specifically, “human activity rates are all targeted by external objects, and even those who oppose external objects. For example, Eastern doctors treat diseases, this is an example. This is what we do from the usual way of our consciousness activities to examine the inner encounters. His exploration is so sophisticated and profound, and has achieved various sciences from modern times to the present, and is entirely based on the self-consciousness of the mind. ”[8]
Scientific achievements are in line with wise development. In the era of the body, “specialize the excellence of human intelligence”, and intelligence is “a more powerless high-level thing in the battle”, and the power of social development
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